DEVELOPING ANODE MATERIALS WITH HIGH CAPACITY AND CYCLING STABILITY IS ONE OF THE RESEARCHES OF HIGHEST INTEREST IN LITHIUM ION BATTERY (LIB). SN OR SN-BASED ANODE MATERIALS HAVE BEEN WIDELY CONSIDERED AS ONE OF THE MOST PROMISING ANODE CANDIDATES FOR ITS RELATIVELY HIGH CONDUCTIVITY AND NOTICEABLE THEORETICAL CAPACITY (994 MAH G-1) [1]. DRASTIC VOLUME CHANGE OF SN OCCURRING DURING LITHIUM INSERTION/DELETION IN CHARGING/DISCHARGING PROCESS LEADS TO CRACKING AND PULVERIZATION OF THE ELECTRODES AND EVENTUALLY QUICK FADING OF CAPACITY. TO ADDRESS THIS PROBLEM, FABRICATING CARBONACEOUS COMPOSITE MATERIAL SUCH AS SN/C [2] ANODES AND SN/CNTS [3] ANODES SEEMS TO BE AN APPLICABLE STRATEGY. GRAPHENE (G) HAS RECENTLY BEEN INVESTIGATED AS THE FUNCTIONAL MATRIX SUPPORT FOR SN-BASED NANOSTRUCTURES DUE TO ITS INTRINSIC PROPERTIES OF FLEXIBLE TWO-DIMENSIONAL (2D) STRUCTURE, HIGH SURFACE AREA, AND EXCELLENT ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY, WHICH NOT ONLY FACILITATE THE TRANSFER OF ELECTRONS, BUT ALSO DIMINISH THE STRESS OF THE COLLECTIVE ELECTRODE UPON BATTERY CYCLING [4-5]. THE DISCHARGE CAPACITY AT 1ST AND 2ND CYCLES AND THE CYLEABILITY DURING 25 CYCLES WERE EVALUATED AS TWO MOST IMPORTANT CRITERIA IN LIBS. PHYSICAL CHARACTERIZATIONS SUCH AS SEM AND XRD HAVE BEEN DONE TO STUDY THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE SYSTEM AS WORKING ELECTRODE. THE ELECTROLYTE ROLE HAS BEEN STUDIED SINCE IT AFFECTS BOTH POTENTIAL WINDOW AND DIFFUSION OF LITHIUM IONS DETERMINING THE IMPEDANCE OF ELECTROLYTE. ALSO, ELECTROCHEMICAL IMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPY (EIS) WAS ANALYZED TO STUDY THE RESISTANCE BEHAVIOR OF THE SYSTEM. THE SN/GRAPHENE COMPOSITE WAS PRODUCED THROUGH CO-ELECTRODEPOSITION OF COMPONENTS IN AQUEOUS MEDIUM UNDER THE CONSTANT AND PULSED CURRENT APPLIED ON CURRENT COLLECTOR SUBSTRATE. THE FINDINGS INDICATED THAT THE COMPOSITE PRODUCED HAS COMPARABLE DISCHARGE CAPACITY IN 1ST AND 2ND CYCLES WHILE NOTICEABLY HIGHER CYCLEABILITY DURING 25 CYCLES. ADDITIONALLY, EIS STUDIES INDICATED THAT THE GRAPHENE IMPROVES THE RESISTANCE BEHAVIOR OF THE SYSTEM.

DEVELOPING ANODE MATERIALS WITH HIGH CAPACITY AND CYCLING STABILITY IS ONE OF THE RESEARCHES OF HIGHEST INTEREST IN LITHIUM ION BATTERY (LIB). SN OR SN-BASED ANODE MATERIALS HAVE BEEN WIDELY CONSIDERED AS ONE OF THE MOST PROMISING ANODE CANDIDATES FOR ITS RELATIVELY HIGH CONDUCTIVITY AND NOTICEABLE THEORETICAL CAPACITY (994 MAH G-1) [1]. DRASTIC VOLUME CHANGE OF SN OCCURRING DURING LITHIUM INSERTION/DELETION IN CHARGING/DISCHARGING PROCESS LEADS TO CRACKING AND PULVERIZATION OF THE ELECTRODES AND EVENTUALLY QUICK FADING OF CAPACITY. ...

MICROWAVE ABSORBING MATERIALS ARE WIDELY USED FOR MANY BRANCHES OF MODERN TECHNOLOGY SUCH AS MILITARY AND TELECOMMUNICATION. THESE MATERIALS ABSORB ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION AND TRANSFORMED INTO OTHER ENERGY SUCH AS THERMAL ENERGY. THEREFORE, IN PAST FEW DECADES, A RANGE OF MATERIALS INCLUDING METALS, FERRITES, DIFFERENT ALLOTROPES OF CARBON, E.G., EXPANDED GRAPHITE, GRAPHENE OXIDE (GO), CARBON BLACK, GRAPHENE, CARBON NANOTUBES (CNTS), AND CONDUCTING POLYMERS, HAVE BEEN USED FOR ELECTROMAGNETIC SHIELDS IN MANY APPLICATIONS. THEREFORE, CONDUCTING POLYMER BASED COMPOSITES WITH A WIDE RANGE OF ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY, PERMITTIVITY AND PERMEABILITY HAVE BEEN SUGGESTED FOR MICROWAVE ABSORPTION MATERIALS1] [.IN THIS WORK, AFTER PREPARING GRAPHENE OXIDE2] [, IONIC LIQUIDS (ILS) USED AS A REAGENT AND ABSORBING AGENT FOR THE FABRICATION OF FUNCTIONAL GRAPHENE OXIDE NANOSTRUCTURES (FGO) AND ON THE OTHER HAND WE REDUCED FUNCTIONAL GRAPHENE OXIDE WITH CHEMICAL REAGENT, THEN CHARACTERIZED BY SEM, RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY AND XPS. THEN FGO-POLYPYRROLE WERE PREPARED BY MIXING OF FGO WITH POLYPYRROLE IN DIFFERENT MASS RATIO. THEN THE EFFECT OF BLEND POLYPYRROLE (PPY) WITH FGO AND ALSO REDUCED FUNCTIONAL GRAPHENEN OXIDE AS NANOFILLER IN NANOCOMPOSITE WAS ALSO INVESTIGATED. FUNCTIONAL GRAPHENE OXIDE/PPY AND FUNCTIONAL REDUCED GRAPHENE NANOCOMPOSITES FOUND TO BE SUITABLE CANDIDATES FOR USE AS A LOSSY MEDIUM DUE TO THEIR PECULIAR ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES.

WE REPORT A PTSN/GRAPHENE CATALYST FOR THE ETHANOL OXIDATION IN ACIDIC MEDIA. GRAPHENE IS SYNTHESIZED FROM GRAPHITE ELECTRODES USING IONIC LIQUID-ASSISTED ELECTROCHEMICAL EXFOLIATION. GRAPHENE-SUPPORTED PT SN ELECTROCATALYST IS THEN REDUCED BY ETHYLENE GLYCOL WITH AS A STABILIZING AGENT TO PREPARE HIGHLY DISPERSED PT NANOPARTICLES ON CARBON GRAPHENE TO USE AS ETHANOL OXIDATION IN DIRECT ETHANOL FUEL CELL (DEFC) CATALYSTS. X-RAY DIFFRACTOMETER AND SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY TECHNIQUE ARE USED TO INVESTIGATE THE CRYSTALLITE SIZE AND THE SURFACE MORPHOLOGIES RESPECTIVELY. THE ELECTROCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PTSN/GRAPHENE, PT/GRAPHENE AND SN/GRAPHENE CATALYSTS ARE INVESTIGATED BY CYCLIC VOLTAMMETRY (CV) IN NITROGEN SATURATED SULFURIC ACID AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS AND IN MIXED SULFURIC ACID AND ETHANOL AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS. THE CATALYTIC ACTIVITIES OF THE PTSN/GRAPHENE, PT/GRAPHENE AND SN/ GRAPHEME ELECTRODES FOR ETHANOL OXIDATION IS 900 A G-1 PT AND 605 AND 0 A G-1 PT, WHICH CAN BE REVEALED THE PARTICULAR PROPERTIES OF THE EXFOLIATED GRAPHENE SUPPORTS AND PTSN ALLOY. FURTHERMORE, PTSN/GRAPHENE EXHIBITED A BETTER SENSITIVITY, SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO, AND STABILITY THAN COMMERCIAL PT/GRAPHENE.

SUPER CAPACITORS REPRESENT A NEW CLASS OF ENERGY STORAGE DEVICES THAT HAVE BEEN ATTRACTED MANY RESEARCHERS IN LAST FEW YEARS. GRAPHENE WITH UNIQUE PROPERTIES SUCH AS SUPERIOR ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY AND LARGE SPECIFIC SURFACE AREA IS ONE OF THE MOST SUITABLE MATERIALS IN SUPER CAPACITOR APPLICATIONS [1]. BESIDES, METAL OXIDES ARE BEING USED AS ACTIVE COMPOUNDS IN SUPER CAPACITORS DUE TO THEIR ROLE IN REDOX REACTIONS. IN THIS RESEARCH, SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SUPER CAPACITOR ELECTRODES BASED ON GRAPHENE AND MNO2 NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS WAS STUDIED UNDER DIFFERENT CONDITIONS. FOR THIS PURPOSE, GRAPHENE OXIDE (GO) WAS SYNTHESIZED BY HUMMERS’ METHOD AND THEN, IT WAS DEPOSITED ON A NICKEL FOAM VIA ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESS WITH APPLIED POTENTIAL OF 5 V IN SOLUTION CONTAINING MGSO4 AND GO [2]. FINALLY, MNO2 ANODICALLY ELECTRODEPOSITED ON REDUCED GO/NI-FOAM BY USING SUCCESSIVE CYCLIC VOLTAMMETRY (CV) AT THE SCAN RATE OF 0.1 VS-1 IN 5 CYCLES. MORPHOLOGY AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE PREPARED ELECTRODE WERE INVESTIGATED BY SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY (SEM) AND X-RAY PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY (XPS), RESPECTIVELY. THE ELECTROCHEMICAL AND CAPACITIVE PROPERTIES OF THE SYNTHESIZED SUPER CAPACITOR ELECTRODES WERE STUDIED IN A THREE- ELECTRODES SYSTEM USING VARIOUS TECHNIQUES INCLUDING CV IN THE POTENTIAL WINDOW OF 0 TO 1.0 V (FIG. 1), CHARGE- DISCHARGE (CD) AT A CONSTANT CURRENT OF 6 MA (FIG. 2), AND THE ELECTROCHEMICAL IMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPY (EIS), ALL IN 1.0 M NA2SO4 SOLUTION. THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT THE SYNTHESIZED MNO2/RGO SUPER CAPACITOR ELECTRODE EXHIBITED A CAPACITANCE OF 273 FG-1.